Pharmacology of ginsenosides a literature review 英文参考文献.docVIP

Leung and Wong Chinese Medicine 2010, 5:20 /content/5/1/20 REVIEW Open Access Pharmacology of ginsenosides: a literature reviewReview Kar Wah Leung*1 and Alice Sze-Tsai Wong2 Abstract The therapeutic potential of ginseng has been studied extensively, and ginsenosides, the active components of ginseng, are shown to be involved in modulating multiple physiological activities. This article will review the structure, systemic transformation and bioavailability of ginsenosides before illustration on how these molecules exert their functions via interactions with steroidal receptors. The multiple biological actions make ginsenosides as important resources for developing new modalities. Yet, low bioavailability of ginsenoside is one of the major hurdles needs to be overcome to advance its use in clinical settings. Review Background Rx, where the R stands for the root and the x describes the chromatographic polarity in an alphabetical order [7], Panax ginseng (Renshen, Chinese ginseng) is commonly for example, Ra is the least polar compound and Rb is used either by itself or in combination with other medici- nal ingredients as a key herb in Chinese medicine. A member of the Araliaceae family, the genus name Panax more polar than Ra. Over 30 ginsenosides have been identified and classified into two categories: (1) the 20(S)- protopanaxadiol (PPD) (Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rg3, Rh2, was derived from the Greek word meaning all-healing Rs1) and (2) the 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) (Re, Rf, first coined by the Russian botanist Carl A. Meyer. The Panax family consists of at least nine species, including P. the presence of carboxyl group at the C-6 position in ginseng, Panax quinquefolium (Xiyangshen, American Rg1, Rg2, Rh1). The difference between PPTs and PPDs is PPDs [9,10]. Moreover, several rare ginsenosides, such as ginseng), Panax notoginseng (Sanqi) and Panax japonicus the ocotillol saponin F11 (