Preparing Offspring for a Dangerous World Potential Costs of Being Wrong 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Preparing Offspring for a Dangerous World Potential Costs of Being Wrong 英文参考文献.doc

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Preparing Offspring for a Dangerous World Potential Costs of Being Wrong 英文参考文献

PreparingOffspringforaDangerousWorld:Potential CostsofBeingWrong MichaelCoslovsky*,HeinzRichner InstituteofEcologyandEvolution,UniversityofBern,Bern,Switzerland Abstract Adaptive maternal responses to stressful environments before young are born can follow two non-exclusive pathways: either the mother reduces current investment in favor of future investment, or influences offspring growth and developmentinordertofitoffspringphenotypetothestressfulenvironment.Inducingsuchdevelopmentalcues,however, may be risky if the environment changes meanwhile, resulting in maladapted offspring. Here we test the effects of a predator-inducedmaternaleffectinapredator-freepostnatalenvironment.Wemanipulatedperceivedpredation-riskfor breeding female great tits by exposing them to stuffed models of either a predatory bird or a non-predatory control. Offspringwereraisedeitherinanenvironmentmatchingthematernalonebyexchangingwholebroodswithinamaternal treatment group, or in a mismatching environment by exchanging broods among the maternal treatments. Offspring growthdependedonthematchingofthetwoenvironments.Whileforoffspringoriginatingfromcontroltreatedmothers environmentalmismatch didnotsignificantlychangegrowth,offspring ofmothersunderincreased perceivedpredation riskgrewfasterandlargerinmatchingconditions.Offspringofpredatortreatedmothersfledgedaboutonedaylaterwhen growing under mismatching conditions. This suggests costs paid by the offspring if mothers predict environmental conditionswrongly. Citation: Coslovsky M, Richner H (2012) Preparing Offspring for a Dangerous World: Potential Costs of Being Wrong. PLoS ONE 7(11): e48840. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0048840 Editor:JordiMoya-Larano,EstacionExperimentaldeZonasA′ridas(CSIC),Spain ReceivedApril11,2012;AcceptedOctober1,2012;PublishedNovember7,2012 Copyright:?2012Coslovsky,Richner.Thisisanopen-accessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninan