Prodrugs in Cardiovascular Therapy 英文参考文献.docVIP

Molecules 2008, 13, 1156-1178; DOI: 10.3390/moleculeOPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 /molecules Review Prodrugs in Cardiovascular Therapy Marinella G. Sandros 1,3, Chady B. Sarraf 4,5 and Maryam Tabrizian 1,2,3, * 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A2B4 2 Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2B2 3 Center for Biorecognition and Biosensors, McGill Institute for Advanced Materials, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A2B4 4 Department of Medical Education, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA 5 St. Michael’s Medical Center, 111 Central Avenue, Newark, NJ 070102, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: Maryam.tabrizian@mcgill.ca Received: 5 February 2008; in revised form: 14 May 2008 / Accepted: 14 May 2008 / Published: 14 May2008 Abstract: Prodrugs are biologically inactive derivatives of an active drug intended to solve certain problems of the parent drug such as toxicity, instability, minimal solubility and non-targeting capabilities. The majority of drugs for cardiovascular diseases undergo first- pass metabolism, resulting in drug inactivation and generation of toxic metabolites, which makes them appealing targets for prodrug design. Since prodrugs undergo a chemical reaction to form the parent drug once inside the body, this makes them very effective in controlling the release of a variety of compounds to the targeted site. This review will provide the reader with an insight on the latest developments of prodrugs that are available for treating a variety of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, we will focus on several drug delivery methodologies that have merged with the prodrug approach to provide enhanced target specificity and controlled drug release with minimal side effects. Keywords: Prodrug, ca