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Protecting Children from Environmental Toxins 英文参考文献.doc

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Protecting Children from Environmental Toxins 英文参考文献

Open access, freely available online Policy Forum Protecting Children from Environmental Toxins Toxicity testing of pesticides and industrial chemicals is a crucial step Bruce P. Lanphear*, Charles V.Vorhees, David C. Bellinger E pidemics of overt toxicity following widespread environmental contamination differentiation, synaptogenesis, myelination, and programmed apoptosis [46]. neurotoxicity (DNT) and reproductive toxicity is rarely done. DNT testing uses animal experiments to provide information on the potential functional and morphologic toxicity to the fetal nervous system that results from the mother’s exposure to toxins during pregnancy and lactation. Paradoxically, DNT testing of a chemical is seldom requested, and then typically requested only if there is pre-existing evidence that it is neurotoxic. from commercial toxins heralded the discovery of children’s enhanced vulnerability to lead, methyl mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and tobacco [1,2,3,4,5] (Box 1). Over the past three decades, researchers have found that remarkably low-level exposures to these toxins are linked with less overt symptoms of toxicity— intellectual impairments, behavioral problems, spontaneous abortions, or preterm births [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14, 15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27, 28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. Moreover, there is emerging evidence that decrements in intellectual abilities and low birth weight linked with lead or tobacco are, for a given increment of exposure, greater at lower levels than those found at higher levels [10,41,42,43]. The consequences of exposure to many other chemicals or mixtures of chemicals, such as insecticides— chemicals oftentimes speci?cally designed to be toxic—are largely unknown [33,34,35,44]. Many of these chemicals or their metabolites are routinely found in the blood and body ?uids of pregnant women and children [45]. Children’s exposure to environmental toxins is insidious. Environmental toxins covertly en