Recalibrated Tree of Leaf Beetles (Chrysomelidae) Indicates Independent Diversification of Angiosperms and Their Insect Herbivores 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Recalibrated Tree of Leaf Beetles (Chrysomelidae) Indicates Independent Diversification of Angiosperms and Their Insect Herbivores 英文参考文献.doc

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Recalibrated Tree of Leaf Beetles (Chrysomelidae) Indicates Independent Diversification of Angiosperms and Their Insect Herbivores 英文参考文献

RecalibratedTreeofLeafBeetles(Chrysomelidae) IndicatesIndependentDiversificationofAngiosperms andTheirInsectHerbivores Jesu′sGo′mez-Zurita1,2,3*,TobyHunt1,2,FatosKopliku1,2,AlfriedP.Vogler1,2 1Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, United Kindgom, 2Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Ascot, United Kindgom,3ZoologischeStaatssammlungMu¨nchen,Munich,Germany Background.Thegreatdiversityofthe‘‘Phytophaga’’(weevils,longhornbeetlesandleafbeetles)hasbeenattributedtotheir co-radiation with the angiosperms based on matching age estimates for both groups, but phylogenetic information and molecularclockcalibrationsremaininsufficientforthisconclusion.Methodology.Aphylogeneticanalysisoftheleafbeetles (Chrysomelidae)wasconductedbasedonthreepartialribosomalgenemarkers(mitochondrialrrnL,nuclearsmallandlarge subunitrRNA)includingover3000bpfor167taxarepresentingmostmajorchrysomelidlineagesandoutgroups.Molecular clock calibrations and confidence intervals were based on paleontological data from the oldest (K-T boundary) leaf beetle fossil,ancientfeedingtracesascribedtohispoidCassidinae,andthevicariantsplitofNearcticandPalearcticmembersofthe Timarchini. PrincipalFindings. The origin ofthe Chrysomelidae wasdated to73–79Mya (confidence interval 63–86Mya), andmostsubfamilieswerepost-Cretaceous,consistentwiththeagesofallconfirmedbodyfossils.Twomajormonocotfeeding chrysomelid lineages formed widely separated clades, demonstrating independent colonization of this ancient (early Cretaceous)angiospermlineage.Conclusions.PreviouscalibrationsproposingamucholderoriginofChrysomelidaewerenot supported.Therefore,chrysomelidbeetleslikelyradiatedlongaftertheoriginoftheirhostlineagesandtheirdiversification wasdrivenbyrepeatedradiatononapre-existingdiverseresource,ratherthanancienthostassociations. Citation: Go′mez-ZuritaJ,HuntT,KoplikuF,VoglerAP(2007)RecalibratedTreeofLeafBeetles(Chrysomelidae)IndicatesIndependentDiversification ofAngiospermsandTheirInsectHerbivores.PLoSON