Regional Mapping of the Geoid Using GNSS (GPS) Measurements and an Artificial Neural Network 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Regional Mapping of the Geoid Using GNSS (GPS) Measurements and an Artificial Neural Network 英文参考文献.doc

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Regional Mapping of the Geoid Using GNSS (GPS) Measurements and an Artificial Neural Network 英文参考文献

Remote Sens. 2011, 3, 668-683; doi:10.3390/rs3040668 OPEN ACCESS Remote Sensing ISSN 2072-4292 /journal/remotesensing Article Regional Mapping of the Geoid Using GNSS (GPS) Measurements and an Artificial Neural Network Mauricio Roberto Veronez 1,*, Sérgio Florêncio de Souza 2, Marcelo Tomio Matsuoka 2, Alessandro Reinhardt 1 and Reginaldo Maced?nio da Silva 1 1 Graduate Program in Geology, Remote Sensing and Digital Cartography Laboratory (LASERCA), Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), Av. Unisinos, 950, CEP 93022-000 S?o Leopoldo, RS, Brazil; E-Mails: aoreinhardt@ (A.R.); macedonio@feevale.br (R.M.S.) 2 Laboratory of Geodetic Researches (LAGEO), Geosciences Institute, Geodetic Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gon?alves, 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; E-Mails: sergio.florencio@ufrgs.br (S.F.S.); tomio.matsuoka@ufrgs.br (M.T.M.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: veronez@unisinos.br; Tel.: +55-51-3591-1100; Fax: +55-51-3590-8162. Received: 22 December 2010; in revised form: 15 January 2011 / Accepted: 24 February 2011 / Published: 30 March 2011 Abstract: The determination of the orthometric height from geometric leveling has practical difficulties that, despite a number of scientific and technological advances, passed a century without substantial modifications or advances. Currently, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been used with reasonable success for orthometric height determination. With a sufficient number of benchmarks with known horizontal and vertical coordinates, it is often possible to adjust using the least squares method mathematical expressions that allow interpolation of geoid heights. The objective of this study is to present an alternative method to interpolate geoid heights based on the technique of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The study area is the Brazilian state of S?o Paulo, and for trai