Reductive Genome Evolution from the Mother of Rickettsia 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Reductive Genome Evolution from the Mother of Rickettsia 英文参考文献.doc

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Reductive Genome Evolution from the Mother of Rickettsia 英文参考文献

ReductiveGenomeEvolutionfromtheMother ofRickettsia Guillaume Blanc1[*,Hiroyuki Ogata1[,Catherine Robert2,Ste′phane Audic1,Karsten Suhre1,Guy Vestris2 ,Jean-Michel Claverie1,Didier Raoult2* 1StructuralandGenomicInformationLaboratory,InstitutdeBiologieStructuraleetMicrobiologie,ParcScientifiquedeLuminy,Marseille,France,2Unite′ desRickettsies, Faculte′ deMe′decine,Marseille,France The Rickettsia genus is a group of obligate intracellular a-proteobacteria representing a paradigm of reductive evolution.Here,weinvestigatetheevolutionaryprocessesthatshapedthegenomesofthegenus.Thereconstruction ofancestral genomesindicates thattheir lastcommon ancestorcontainedmoregenes,butalreadypossessedmost traitsassociatedwithcellularparasitism.ThedifferencesingenerepertoiresacrossmodernRickettsiaaremainlythe resultofdifferentialgenelossesfromtheancestor.Wedemonstrateusingcomputersimulationthatthepropensityof loss was variable across genes during this process. We also analyzed the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous changes (Ka/Ks) calculated as an average over large sets of genes to assay the strength of selection acting on the genomes of Rickettsia, Anaplasmataceae, and free-living c-proteobacteria. As a general trend, Ka/Ks were found to decreasewithincreasingdivergencebetweengenomes.ThehighKa/Ksforcloselyrelatedgenomesareprobablydue toalagintheremovalofslightlydeleteriousnonsynonymousmutationsbynaturalselection.Interestingly,wealso observeda decreaseofthe rateofgene loss withincreasing divergence, suggestingasimilar lag in theremoval of slightly deleterious pseudogene alleles. For larger divergence (Ks . 0.2), Ka/Ks converge toward similar values indicating that the levels of selection are roughly equivalent between intracellular a-proteobacteria and their free- living relatives. This contrasts with the view that obligate endocellular microorganisms tend to evolve faster as a consequenceofreducedeffectivenessofselection,andsuggestsamajorroleofenhancedbackgroundmuta