Consequences of Neglect Analysis of the Sub-Saharan African Snake Antivenom Market and the Global Context 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Consequences of Neglect Analysis of the Sub-Saharan African Snake Antivenom Market and the Global Context 英文参考文献.doc

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Consequences of Neglect Analysis of the Sub-Saharan African Snake Antivenom Market and the Global Context 英文参考文献

ConsequencesofNeglect:AnalysisoftheSub-Saharan AfricanSnakeAntivenomMarketandtheGlobalContext NicholasI.Brown1,2 * 1Masters ofBioscienceEnterprise Program,Institute ofBiotechnology, TheUniversityofCambridge,Cambridge, UnitedKingdom, 2AustralianVenom ResearchUnit, UniversityofMelbourne,Melbourne,Australia Abstract Background:Theworldwideneglectofimmunotherapeuticproductsforthetreatmentofsnakebitehasresultedinacritical paucityofeffective,safeandaffordabletherapyinmanyThirdWorldcountries,particularlyinAfrica.Snakebiterankshigh amongthemostneglectedglobalhealthproblems,withthousandsofuntreatedvictimsdyingorbecomingpermanently maimedindevelopingcountrieseachyearbecauseofalackofantivenom—atreatmentthatiswidelyavailableinmost developedcountries.Thispaperanalysesthecurrentstatusofantivenomproductionforsub-SaharanAfricancountriesand providesasnapshotoftheglobalsituation. Methods:Aglobalsurveyofsnakeantivenomproductswasundertakenin2007,involving46currentandformerantivenom manufacturers.Companiesproducingantivenomforuseinsub-SaharanAfricawerere-surveyedin2010and2011. Results: The amountof antivenommanufactured forsub-Saharan Africa increased between 2007 and2010/11, however outputandprocurementremainedfarbelowthatrequiredtotreattheestimated300,000–500,000snakebitevictimseach year. Variable potency and inappropriate marketing of some antivenoms mean that the number of effective treatments availablemaybeaslowas2.5%ofprojectedneeds.FivecompaniescurrentlymarketantivenomforsaleinAfrica;three others have products in the final stages of development; and since 2007 one has ceased production indefinitely. Most current antivenom producers possess a willingness and capacity to raise output. However inconsistent market demand, unpredictablefinancialinvestmentandinadequatequalitycontroldiscouragefurtherproductionandthreatentheviability oftheantivenomindustry. Conclusion:Financialstimulusisurgentlyneededtoidentifyanddevelopdependablesourcesofhigh-gradeantivenoms, supportcurrentandemer