Short-Term Exposure to Warm Microhabitats Could Explain Amphibian Persistence with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Short-Term Exposure to Warm Microhabitats Could Explain Amphibian Persistence with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis 英文参考文献.doc

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Short-Term Exposure to Warm Microhabitats Could Explain Amphibian Persistence with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis 英文参考文献

Short-TermExposuretoWarmMicrohabitatsCould ExplainAmphibianPersistencewithBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis JoshuaH.Daskin*¤,RossA.Alford,RobertPuschendorf SchoolofMarineandTropicalBiology,JamesCookUniversity,Townsville,Queensland,Australia Abstract Environmentalconditionscanaltertheoutcomesofsymbioticinteractions.Manyamphibianspecieshavedeclineddueto chytridiomycosis,causedbythepathogenicfungusBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd),butmanyotherspersistdespite highBdinfectionprevalence.ThisindicatesthatBd’svirulenceislower,oritmayevenbeacommensal,insomehosts.Inthe Australian Wet Tropics, chytridiomycosis extirpated Litoria nannotis from high-elevation rain forests in the early 1990s. Althoughthespeciesisrecolonizingmanysites,nopopulationhasfullyrecovered.Litorialoricadisappearedfromallknown sitesintheearly1990sandwasthoughtgloballyextinct,butanewpopulationwasdiscoveredin2008,inanuplanddry forest habitat it shares with L. nannotis. All frogs of both species observed during three population censuses were apparently healthy, but most carried Bd. Frogs perch on sun-warmed rocks in dry forest streams, possibly keeping Bd infectionsbelowthelethalthresholdattainedincoolerrainforests.Wetestedwhethershort-termelevatedtemperatures canhamperBdgrowthinvitrooveronegeneration(fourdays).Simulatingthetemperaturesavailabletofrogsonstrongly andmoderatelywarmedrocksindryforests,byincubatingculturesat33uCforonehourdaily,reducedBdgrowthbelow thatofBdheldat15uCconstantly(representingrainforesthabitats).Evensmalldecreasesintheexponentialgrowthrateof Bdonhostsmaycontributetothesurvivaloffrogsindryforests. Citation:DaskinJH,AlfordRA,PuschendorfR(2011)Short-TermExposuretoWarmMicrohabitatsCouldExplainAmphibianPersistencewithBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis.PLoSONE6(10):e26215.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026215 Editor:BrianGratwicke,Smithsonian’sNationalZoologicalPark,UnitedStatesofAmerica ReceivedAugust8,2011;AcceptedSeptember22,2011;PublishedOctober18,2011 Copyright: ? 2011 Daskin et al. This is