Short Lag Times for Invasive Tropical Plants Evidence from Experimental Plantings in Hawaii 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Short Lag Times for Invasive Tropical Plants Evidence from Experimental Plantings in Hawaii 英文参考文献.doc

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Short Lag Times for Invasive Tropical Plants Evidence from Experimental Plantings in Hawaii 英文参考文献

ShortLagTimesforInvasiveTropicalPlants:Evidence fromExperimentalPlantingsinHawai’i CurtisC.Daehler* DepartmentofBotany,UniversityofHawai’iatManoa,Honolulu,Hawaii,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background:Thelagtimeofaninvasionisthedelaybetweenarrivalofanintroducedspeciesanditssuccessfulspreadina newarea.Todate,mostestimatesoflagtimesforplantshavebeenindirectoranecdotal,andtheseestimatessuggestthat plantinvasionsareoftencharacterizedbylagtimesof50yearsormore.Nogeneralestimatesareavailableoflagtimesfor tropicalplantinvasions.Historicalplantingsanddocumentationwereusedtodirectlyestimatelagtimesfortropicalplant invasionsinHawai’i. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:HistoricalplantingrecordsfortheLyonArboretumdatingbackto1920wereexamined toidentifyplants thathavesincebecomeinvasive pestsintheHawaiian Islands.Annualreportsdescribing escape from plantingswerethenusedtodeterminethelagtimesbetweeninitialplantingsandearliestrecordedspreadofthesuccessful invaders. Among 23 species that eventually became invasive pests, the average lag time between introduction and first evidenceofspreadwas14yearsforwoodyplantsand5yearsforherbaceousplants. Conclusions/Significance:Thesedirectestimatesoflagtimesareasmuchasanorderofmagnitudeshorterthanprevious, indirectestimates,whichweremainlybasedontemperateplants.Tropicalinvadersmayhavemuchshorterlagtimesthan temperatespecies.Alackofdirectanddeliberateobservationsmayhavealsoinflatedmanypreviouslagtimeestimates. Although there have been documented cases of long lag times due to delayed arrival of a mutualist or environmental changesovertime,thisstudysuggeststhatmostsuccessfulinvasionsarelikelytobeginshortlyafterarrivaloftheplantina suitable habitat, at least in tropical environments. Short lag times suggest that controlled field trials may be a practical elementofriskassessmentforplantintroductions. Citation:DaehlerCC(2009)ShortLagTimesforInvasiveTropicalPlants:EvidencefromExperimentalPlantingsinHawai’i.PLoSONE4(2):e4462.doi:10.1371/ journal.