Shift Work as a Risk Factor for Future Type 2 Diabetes Evidence, Mechanisms, Implications, and Future Research Directions 英文参考文献.docVIP

Perspective ShiftWorkasaRiskFactorforFutureType2Diabetes: Evidence,Mechanisms,Implications,andFuture ResearchDirections MikaKivima¨ki1*,G.DavidBatty1,2,ChristerHublin3 1DepartmentofEpidemiologyandPublicHealth,UniversityCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom,2MRCCentreforCognitiveAgeingandCognitiveEpidemiology, UniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UnitedKingdom,3FinnishInstituteofOccupationalHealth,Helsinki,Finland In Western countries, exposure occupational hazards—toxic to risk factors for the development and exacerbationofinsulinresistance[4],and leadtoincreasesinappetiteandadiposity [5].Inagreementwiththis,arecentmeta- LinkedResearchArticle traditional chemicals, temperature extremes, and This Perspective discusses the fol- lowingnewstudypublishedinPLoS Medicine: noise—has been minimized to the extent that they now represent a modest risk to employees’ health. The focus has moved to other characteristics of the workplace that may be of importance: work design, organization, management, and their so- cietal contexts. One occupational factor that has potential health implications is shift work. Shift work can be classified in one of two ways: ‘‘rotating’’, where the employee’s hours of work change (e.g., morning, afternoon, and night shift); and ‘‘permanent,’’ where the work pattern maybeconstantbutoccupyunusualhours oftheday. analysis of eight longitudinal studies showedastrong associationbetweenshift workandweightgain,amajorriskfactor for T2D [6]. Furthermore, behavioral changes potentially associated with shift work, such as reduced physical activity, could independently contribute to biolog- icalprocessespredisposingtoT2D. PanA,SchernhammerES,SunQ,Hu FB(2011)RotatingNightShiftWork and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Two ProspectiveCohortStudiesinWom- en. PLoS Med 8(12): e1001141. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001141. An Pan and colleagues examined datafromtwoNursesHealthStudies andfoundthatextendedperiodsof rotatingnightshiftworkwereasso- ciatedwithamodestlyincreasedrisk of