Shared Human-Chimpanzee Pattern of Perinatal Femoral Shaft Morphology and Its Implications for the Evolution of Hominin Locomotor Adaptations 英文参考文献.docVIP

SharedHuman-ChimpanzeePatternofPerinatalFemoral ShaftMorphologyandItsImplicationsfortheEvolution ofHomininLocomotorAdaptations NaokiMorimoto*,ChristophP.E.Zollikofer,MarciaS.PoncedeLeo′n AnthropologicalInstitute,UniversityofZurich,Zurich,Switzerland Abstract Background: Acquisition of bipedality is a hallmark of human evolution. How bipedality evolved from great ape-like locomotorbehaviors,however,isstillhighlydebated.Thisismainlybecauseitisdifficulttoinferlocomotorfunction,and evenmoresolocomotorkinematics,fromfossilhomininlongbones.Structure-functionrelationshipsarecomplex,aslong bone morphology reflects phyletic history, developmental programs, and loading history during an individual’s lifetime. Herewediscriminatebetweenthesefactorsbyinvestigatingthemorphologyoflongbonesinfetalandneonategreatapes andhumans,beforetheonsetoflocomotion. Methodology/Principal Findings: Comparative morphometric analysis of the femoral diaphysis indicates that its morphology reflects phyletic relationships between hominoid taxa to a greater extent than taxon-specific locomotor adaptations. Diaphyseal morphology in humans and chimpanzees exhibits several shared-derived features, despite substantial differences in locomotor adaptations. Orangutan and gorilla morphologies are largely similar, and likely representtheprimitivehominoidstate. Conclusions/Significance:Thesefindingsarecompatiblewithtwopossibleevolutionaryscenarios.Diaphysealmorphology mayreflectretainedadaptivetraitsofancestraltaxa,hencehuman-chimpanzeeshared-derivedfeaturesmaybeindicative ofthelocomotorbehaviorofourlastcommonancestor.Alternatively,diaphysealmorphologymightreflectevolutionby genetic drift (neutral evolution) rather than selection, and might thus be more informative about phyletic relationships betweentaxathanaboutlocomotoradaptations.Bothscenariosareconsistentwiththehypothesisthatknuckle-walkingin chimpanzeesandgorillasresultedfromconvergentevolution,andthattheevolutionofhumanbipedalityisunrelatedto extantg