Shared and Unique Patterns of Embryo Development in Extremophile Poeciliids 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Shared and Unique Patterns of Embryo Development in Extremophile Poeciliids 英文参考文献.doc

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Shared and Unique Patterns of Embryo Development in Extremophile Poeciliids 英文参考文献

SharedandUniquePatternsofEmbryoDevelopmentin ExtremophilePoeciliids Ru¨digerRiesch1,2*,IngoSchlupp2,R.BrianLangerhans1,MartinPlath3 1DepartmentofBiologyW.M.KeckCenterforBehavioralBiology,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,Raleigh,NorthCarolina,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2Departmentof Zoology,UniversityofOklahoma,Norman,Oklahoma,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofEcologyEvolution,Goethe–UniversityFrankfurt,Frankfurt,Germany Abstract Background: Closely related lineages of livebearing fishes have independently adapted to two extreme environmental factors:toxichydrogensulphide(H2S)andperpetualdarkness.Previousworkhasdemonstratedinadultspecimensthatfish fromtheseextremehabitatsconvergentlyevolveddrasticallyincreasedheadandoffspringsize,whilecavefisharefurther characterizedbyreducedpigmentationandeyesize.Here,wetracedthedevelopmentofthese(andother)divergenttraits inembryosofPoeciliamexicanafrombenignsurfacehabitats(‘‘surfacemollies’’)andasulphidiccave(‘‘cavemollies’’),as wellasinembryosofthesistertaxon,Poeciliasulphurariafromasulphidicsurfacespring(‘‘sulphurmollies’’).Weaskedat whichpointsduringdevelopmentchangesinthetimingoftheinvolvedprocesses(i.e.,heterochrony)wouldbedetectible. Methods and Results: Data were extracted from digital photographs taken of representative embryos for each stage of developmentandeachtypeofmolly.Embryomassdecreasedinconvergentfashion,butwefoundpatternsofembryonic fat content and ovum/embryo diameter to be divergent among all three types of mollies. The intensity of yellow colourationoftheyolk(aproxyforcarotenoidcontent)wassignificantlylowerincavemolliesthroughoutdevelopment. Moreover, while relative head size decreased through development in surface mollies, it increased in both types of extremophile mollies, and eye growth was arrested in mid-stage embryos of cave mollies but not in surface or sulphur mollies. Conclusion: Our results clearly demonstrate that even among sister taxa convergence in phenotypic traits is not always achievedbythesameproce