Shifting Baselines, Local Impacts, and Global Change on Coral Reefs 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Shifting Baselines, Local Impacts, and Global Change on Coral Reefs 英文参考文献.doc

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Shifting Baselines, Local Impacts, and Global Change on Coral Reefs 英文参考文献

Essay Shifting Baselines, Local Impacts, and Global Change on Coral Reefs Nancy Knowlton[*, Jeremy B. C. Jackson[ I magine trying to understand the ecology of tropical rainforests by studying environmental changes Box 1. Pressing Questions Regarding the Importance of Local Management to Conserve Coral Reefs in the Context of Global Change human-dominated and collapsed reefs than between human-dominated and quasi-pristine reefs. Even the classic studies of Caribbean reefs that began in the 1950s were based on reefs that had very high coral cover but were severely over?shed, and the ?rst systematic surveys of subtidal Australian reefs in the late 1960s began after a severe outbreak of the crown-of-thorns star?sh Acanthaster planci had devastated coral populations along much of the Great Barrier Reef. We are thus left without a clear understanding of how reefs functioned in the absence of major human impacts. and interactions among the surviving plants and animals on a vast cattle ranch in the center of a deforested Amazon, without any basic data on how the forest worked before it was cleared and burned. The soil would be baked dry or eroded away and the amount of rainfall would be greatly decreased. Most of the fantastic biodiversity would be gone. The trees would be replaced by grasses or soybeans, the major grazers would be leaf-cutter ants and cattle, and the major predators would be insects, rodents, and hawks. Ecologists could do experiments on the importance of cattle for the maintenance of plant species diversity, but the results would be meaningless for understanding the rainforest that used to be or how to restore it in the future. 1. To what extent do over?shing and eutrophication increase the vulnerability of reef corals to bleaching, disease, and acidi?cation caused by global climate change; and, conversely, does protection from these local stressors decrease the vulnerability of reef corals to the effects of climate change? 2. If local protection decr