Stress of different types increases the proinflammatory load in rheumatoid arthritis 英文参考文献.docVIP

Available online /content/11/3/114 Editorial Stress of different types increases the proinflammatory load in rheumatoid arthritis Rainer H Straub1 and Joachim R Kalden2 1Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrino-Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany 2Department of Medicine 3, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, 91054 Erlangen, Germany Corresponding author: Rainer H Straub, rainer.straub@klinik.uni-regensburg.de Published: 17 June 2009 Arthritis Research Therapy 2009, 11:114 (doi:10.1186/ar2712) This article is online at /content/11/3/114 ? 2009 BioMed Central Ltd See related research by Edwards et al., /content/11/3/R61 Abstract symptomatic disease). Knowledge in the stress field steadily increases, and today we can say that patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) show Stress in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) stimulates proinflammatory mechanisms due to the defect of stress response systems (for example, the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary– adrenal axis). Among other mechanisms, the loss of sympathetic nerve fibers in inflamed tissue and inadequate cortisol secretion in relation to inflammation lead to an enhanced proinflammatory load in RA. Stress and the subsequent stimulation of inflammation (systemic and local) lead to increased sensitization of pain and further defects of stress response systems (vicious cycle of stress, pain, and inflammation). abnormal stress responses leading to proinflammatory consequences. Stress can be induced by pain tests, which was recently demonstrated by Edwards and colleagues [1]. In this study the authors used several pain tests, such as the pressure pain threshold, the heat pain threshold, and th