Studies on Xenopus laevis intestine reveal biological pathways underlying vertebrate gut adaptation from embryo to adult 英文参考文献.docVIP

Heimeier et al. Genome Biology 2010, 11:R55 /2010/11/5/R55 RESEARCH Open Access Studies on Research Xenopus laevis intestine reveal biological pathways underlying vertebrate gut adaptation from embryo to adult Rachel A Heimeier*1,2, Biswajit Das1, Daniel R Buchholz3, Maria Fiorentino1,4 and Yun-Bo Shi*1 VertebrateTprdehuvevseeldaalloeesvpvienmislsoeingpgutnthmtetissendevelopmenttntalianltelo,vtranscriptomefethortemerbergmaueblasrt.yiontofoafthedguulttXeno-, Abstract Background: To adapt to its changing dietary environment, the digestive tract is extensively remodeled from the embryo to the adult during vertebrate development. Xenopus laevis metamorphosis is an excellent model system for studying mammalian gastrointestinal development and is used to determine the genes and signaling programs essential for intestinal development and maturation. Results: The metamorphosing intestine can be divided into four distinct developmental time points and these were analyzed with X. laevis microarrays. Due to the high level of conservation in developmental signaling programs and homology to mammalian genes, annotations and bioinformatics analysis were based on human orthologs. Clustering of the expression patterns revealed co-expressed genes involved in essential cell processes such as apoptosis and proliferation. The two largest clusters of genes have expression peaks and troughs at the climax of metamorphosis, respectively. Novel conserved gene ontology categories regulated during this period include transcriptional activity, signal transduction, and metabolic processes. Additionally, we identified larval/embryo- and adult-specific genes. Detailed analysis revealed 17 larval specific genes that may represent molecular markers for human colonic cancers, while many adult specific genes are associated with dietary enzymes. Conclusions: This global developmental expression study provides the first detailed molecular description of intestinal remodeling