Subsurface Event Detection and Classification Using Wireless Signal Networks 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2012, 12, 14862-14886; doi:10.3390/s121114862 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article Subsurface Event Detection and Classification Using Wireless Signal Networks Suk-Un Yoon 1,*, Ehsan Ghazanfari 2, Liang Cheng 1, Sibel Pamukcu 2 and Muhannad T. Suleiman 2 1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA; E-Mail: cheng@ 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA; E-Mails: ehg209@ (E.G.); sp01@ (S.P.); mts210@ (M.T.S.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: suy309@; Tel.: +1-610-758-4801; Fax: +1-610-758-4096. Received: 15 August 2012; in revised form: 29 October 2012/ Accepted: 31 October 2012 / Published: 5 November 2012 Abstract: Subsurface environment sensing and monitoring applications such as detection of water intrusion or a landslide, which could significantly change the physical properties of the host soil, can be accomplished using a novel concept, Wireless Signal Networks (WSiNs). The wireless signal networks take advantage of the variations of radio signal strength on the distributed underground sensor nodes of WSiNs to monitor and characterize the sensed area. To characterize subsurface environments for event detection and classification, this paper provides a detailed list and experimental data of soil properties on how radio propagation is affected by soil properties in subsurface communication environments. Experiments demonstrated that calibrated wireless signal strength variations can be used as indicators to sense changes in the subsurface environment. The concept of WSiNs for the subsurface event detection is evaluated with applications such as detection of water intrusion, relative density change, and relative motion using actual underground sensor nodes. To classify geo-events using the measured signal strength as a main in