TNF as Biomarker for Rapid Quantification of Active Staphylococcus Enterotoxin A in Food 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2012, 12, 5978-5985; doi:10.3390/s120505978 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article TNF as Biomarker for Rapid Quantification of Active Staphylococcus Enterotoxin A in Food Reuven Rasooly * and Bradley Hernlem Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mail: bradley.hernlem@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: reuven.rasooly@; Tel.: +1-510-559-6478; Fax: +1-510-559-6429. Received: 3 March 2012; in revised form: 19 April 2012 / Accepted: 3 May 2012 / Published: 10 May 2012 Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen which causes clinical infections and food poisoning. This bacterium produces a group of twenty-one enterotoxins (SEs). These enterotoxins have two separate but related biological activities. They cause gastroenteritis and function as superantigens that activate large numbers of T cells. The current method for detection of enterotoxins activity is an in vivo monkey or kitten bioassay; however, this method is not practical to test on a large number of samples. Several immunological assays have been developed however, but these assays cannot distinguish between active toxin which causes food poisoning and inactive toxin, which can bind antibody, but shows no toxicity. The current study demonstrates that short term ex vivo exposure of primary na?ve CD4+ T-cells or splenocytes to SEA induces differential expression and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) protein. We used immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-SEA antibody to specifically isolate SEA from food. After the eluted toxin was added to the cells SEA biological activity was measured by quantifying TNF protein expression or secretion. Keywords: enterotoxin; food poisoning; TNF; immunomagnetic beads 1. Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major