Toxicology of perfluorinated compounds 英文参考文献.docVIP

Stahletal.EnvironmentalSciencesEurope2011,23:38 /content/23/1/38 REVIEW OpenAccess Toxicologyofperfluorinatedcompounds ThorstenStahl1*,DanielaMattern2andHubertusBrunn2 Abstract Perfluorinatedcompounds[PFCs]havefoundawideuseinindustrialproductsandprocessesandinavastarrayof consumerproducts.PFCsaremoleculesmadeupofcarbonchainstowhichfluorineatomsarebound.Duetothe strengthofthecarbon/fluorinebond,themoleculesarechemicallyverystableandarehighlyresistantto biologicaldegradation;therefore,theybelongtoaclassofcompoundsthattendtopersistintheenvironment. Thesecompoundscanbioaccumulateandalsoundergobiomagnification.WithintheclassofPFCchemicals, perfluorooctanoicacidandperfluorosulphonicacidaregenerallyconsideredreferencesubstances.Meanwhile,PFCs canbedetectedalmostubiquitously,e.g.,inwater,plants,differentkindsoffoodstuffs,inanimalssuchasfish, birds,inmammals,aswellasinhumanbreastmilkandblood.PFCsareproposedasanewclassof‘persistent organicpollutants’.NumerouspublicationsalludetothenegativeeffectsofPFCsonhumanhealth.Thefollowing reviewdescribesbothexternalandinternalexposurestoPFCs,thetoxicokinetics(uptake,distribution,metabolism, excretion),andthetoxicodynamics(acutetoxicity,subacuteandsubchronictoxicities,chronictoxicityincluding carcinogenesis,genotoxicityandepigeneticeffects,reproductiveanddevelopmentaltoxicities,neurotoxicity,effects ontheendocrinesystem,immunotoxicityandpotentialmodesofaction,combinationaleffects,and epidemiologicalstudiesonperfluorinatedcompounds). Keywords:PFCs,PFOA,PFOS,toxicology Introduction decompositionproducts.Thesefluorinecompoundsare Perfluorinated compounds [PFCs] are organic sub- commonly used in consumer products as stain/water/ stances in which all of the hydrogens of the hydrocar- grease repellents in carpets and clothing orin cooking bonbackbonesaresubstitutedwithfluorineatoms.The utensilsasnonstickcoatings[1,2]. fluorine-carbon bonds are extremely stabile conferring The potentially toxic effects of these substances are these su