Trichothecenes From Simple to Complex Mycotoxins 英文参考文献.docVIP

Toxins 2011, 3, 802-814; doi:10.3390/toxins3070802 OPEN ACCESS Toxins ISSN 2072-6651 /journal/toxins Review Trichothecenes: From Simple to Complex Mycotoxins Susan P. McCormick 1,*, April M. Stanley 2, Nicholas A. Stover 2 and Nancy J. Alexander 1 1 Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604, USA; E-Mail: Nancy.Alexander@ 2 Biology Department, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA; E-Mails: misty717@ (A.M.S.); nstover@ (N.A.S.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: Susan.McCormick@; Tel.:+1-309-681-6381; Fax:+1-309-681-6627. Received: 26 May 2011; in revised form: 10 June 2011 / Accepted: 29 June 2011 / Published: 1 July 2011 Abstract: As the world’s population grows, access to a safe food supply will continue to be a global priority. In recent years, the world has experienced an increase in mycotoxin contamination of grains due to climatic and agronomic changes that encourage fungal growth during cultivation. A number of the molds that are plant pathogens produce trichothecene mycotoxins, which are known to cause serious human and animal toxicoses. This review covers the types of trichothecenes, their complexity, and proposed biosynthetic pathways of trichothecenes. Keywords: trichothecenes; mycotoxins; Type A; Type B; macrocyclic; d-type; t-type; toxin biosynthesis 1. Introduction Fungi produce a large number of metabolites that are not essential for life, but may provide the fungus with an ecological advantage in certain environments. Such metabolites are referred to as secondary metabolites. Fungal secondary metabolites include plant growth regulators (e.g., gibberellins), pharmaceutically useful compounds (e.g., penicillin, lovastatin), pigments (e.g., carotenoids), and mycotoxins (e.g., trichothecenes, fumon