中三第十四章中英对照笔记.doc.doc

第14章 Materials of the modern world 物料新紀元 姓名:________________________ 班別: 3______ ( ) Materials in life 日常使用的物料 Two large families of modern materials: 現代物料的兩大家族： plastics 塑膠 composite materials 複合材料 Crude oil 原油 Most plastics are made from crude oil (also called petroleum). 大部分種類的塑膠都是用原油（又稱石油）製成的。 Crude oil is formed from the remains of dead sea plants and animals buried under rock millions of years ago. 原油由數百萬年前埋藏在深厚岩層底下的海洋動植物遺骸所形成。 Crude oil is a mixture of hundreds of compounds. Nearly all the compounds in crude oil are molecules of hydrocarbons, which contain hydrogen and carbon only. 原油是由數以百種化合物組成的混合物。幾乎所有原油中的化合物都是碳氫化合物的分子，這些碳氫化合物都是由碳和氫組成的化合物。 A molecule is a small group of atoms joined together: 分子a compound? 屬元素還是化合物？ Chemical formula 化學式 Oxygen molecule 氧分子 Element 元素 O2 Hydrogen molecule 氫分子 Element 元素 H2 Water molecule 水分子 Compound 化合物 H2O Carbon dioxide molecule 二氧化碳分子 Compound 化合物 CO2 Methane molecule 甲烷分子 Compound 化合物 CH4 Butane molecule 丁烷分子 (can be found in crude oil可在原油內找到) Compound 化合物 C4H10 The different hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil are of different sizes. They are made up of different numbers of carbon and hydrogen atoms. 不同碳氫化合物的分子由不同數量的碳原子和氫原子組成，它們的大小不同。 The hydrocarbons in crude oil can be separated into different fractions based on the difference in boiling points of the hydrocarbons by fractional distillation. 根據不同碳氫化合物的沸點差異，我們可以採用分餾法，把原油中的碳氫化合物分為不同的餾分。 Laboratory set-up for fractional distillation of crude oil: 在實驗室中把原油分餾的裝置： The higher the boiling point range of a crude oil fraction, 原油餾分的沸點範圍愈高， the darker is its colour; 顏色愈深； the higher is its viscosity; 黏度愈高； the more difficult for it to evaporate; 愈難揮發； the more difficult for it to burn; 愈難燃燒； the more black smoke produced when burning. 燃燒時產生愈多黑煙。 Fractional distillation on a large scale is carried out in the fractionating towers in oil refineries. 大型的分餾法在煉油廠內的分餾塔進行。 The uses of different fractions of crude oil: 不同的原油餾分的用途： Boiling point