Domestic water carrying and its implications for health a review and mixed methods pilot study in Limpopo Province, South Africa.docVIP

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Domestic water carrying and its implications for health a review and mixed methods pilot study in Limpopo Province, South Africa.doc

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Domestic water carrying and its implications for health a review and mixed methods pilot study in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Geereetal.EnvironmentalHealth2010,9:52 /content/9/1/52 RESEARCH OpenAccess Domesticwatercarryinganditsimplicationsfor health:areviewandmixedmethodspilotstudy inLimpopoProvince,SouthAfrica Jo-AnneLGeere1,PaulRHunter1*,PaulJagals2 Abstract Background:Lackofaccesstosafewaterremainsasignificantriskfactorforpoorhealthindevelopingcountries. Therehasbeenlittleresearchintothehealtheffectsoffrequentlycarryingcontainersofwater.Theaimsofthis studyweretobetterunderstandhowdomesticwatercarryingisperformed,identifypotentialhealthriskfactors andgaininsightintothepossiblehealtheffectsofthetask. Methods:Mixedmethodsofdatacollectionfromsixwereusedtoexplorewatercarryingperformedbypeoplein sixruralvillagesofLimpopoProvince,SouthAfrica.Datawascollectedthroughsemi-structuredinterviewsand throughobservationandmeasurement.Linearregressionmodellingwereusedtoidentifysignificantcorrelations betweenpotentialriskfactorsandratingofperceivedexertion(RPE)orselfreportedpain.Independentt-testswere usedtocomparethemeanvaluesofpotentialriskfactorsandRPEbetweensub-groupsreportingpainandthose notreportingpain. Results:Watercarryingwasmainlyperformedbywomenorchildrencarryingcontainersontheirhead(mean containerweight19.5kg)overameandistanceof337m.Theprevalenceofspinal(neckorback)painwas69% andbackpainwas38%.Ofparticipantswhocarriedwaterbyheadloading,thedistancewalkedbythosewho reportedspinalpainwassignificantlylessthanthosewhodidnot(173m95%CI2-343;p=0.048).Forhead loadersreportingheadorneckpaincomparedtothosewhodidnot,thedifferencesinweightofwatercarried (4.6kg95%CI-9.7-0.5;p=0.069)andRPE(2.595%CI-5.1-0.1;p=0.051)wereborderlinestatisticallysignificant.For headloaders,RPEwassignificantlycorrelatedwithcontainerweight(r=0.52;p=0.011)andincline(r=0.459; p=0.018) Conclusions:Typicalwatercarryingmethodsimposephysicalloadingwithpotentialtoproducemusculoskeletal disordersandrelateddisability.Thisexploratorystudyislimitedbyasmallsamplesizeandfutureresearchshould aimtobetterunderstandthetypeandstrengthofassociati