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Effect of filtration on morphine and particle content of injections prepared from slow-release oral morphine tablets.doc

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Effect of filtration on morphine and particle content of injections prepared from slow-release oral morphine tablets

Harm Reduction Journal BioMedCentral Research Open Access Effect of filtration on morphine and particle content of injections prepared from slow-release oral morphine tablets Stuart McLean1, Raimondo Bruno*2, Susan Brandon1 and Barbara de Graaff2 Address: 1School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia and 2School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Email: Stuart McLean - mclean@.au; Raimondo Bruno* - Raimondo.Bruno@.au; Susan Brandon - S.Brandon@.au; Barbara de Graaff - Barbara.deGraaff@.au * Corresponding author Published: 22 December 2009 Received: 3 August 2009 Accepted: 22 December 2009 Harm Reduction Journal 2009, 6:37 doi:10.1186/1477-7517-6-37 This article is available from: /content/6/1/37 ? 2009 McLean et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Injections of mixtures prepared from crushed tablets contain insoluble particles which can cause embolisms and other complications. Although many particles can be removed by filtration, many injecting drug users do not filter due to availability, cost or performance of filters, and also due to concerns that some of the dose will be lost. Methods: Injection solutions were prepared from slow-release morphine tablets (MS Contin?) replicating methods used by injecting drug users. Contaminating particles were counted by microscopy and morphine content analysed by liquid chromatography before and after filtration. Results: Unfiltered tablet extracts contained tens of millions of particles with a range in sizes from 5 μm to 400 μm. Cigarette filters removed most of the larger particles ( 50 μm) but the smaller particles remained. Commercial syring