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Electric cars technical characteristics and environmental impacts.doc

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Electric cars technical characteristics and environmental impacts

HelmersandMarxEnvironmentalSciencesEurope2012,24:14 /content/24/1/14 REVIEW OpenAccess Electriccars:technicalcharacteristicsand environmentalimpacts EckardHelmers*andPatrickMarx Abstract Background:Electricvehicleshavebeenidentifiedasbeingakeytechnologyinreducingfutureemissionsand energyconsumptioninthemobilitysector.Thefocusofthisarticleistoreviewandassesstheenergyefficiency andtheenvironmentalimpactofbatteryelectriccars(BEV),whichistheonlytechnicalalternativeonthemarket availabletodaytovehicleswithinternalcombustionengine(ICEV).Electricityonboardacarcanbeprovidedeither byabatteryorafuelcell(FCV).ThetechnicalstructureofBEVisdescribed,clarifyingthatitisrelativelysimple comparedtoICEV.Followingthat,ICEVcanbe‘e-converted’byexperiencedpersonnel.Suchane-conversion projectgeneratedreality-closedatareportedhere. Results:PracticabilityoftodaysBEVisdiscussed,revealingthatparticularlysmall-sizeBEVsareuseful.Thisarticle reportsonane-conversionofausedSmart.Measurementsonthiscar,priorandafterconversion,confirmeda fourfoldenergyefficiencyadvantageofBEVoverICEV,assupposedinliterature.Preliminaryenergyefficiencydata ofFCVarereviewedbeingonlyslightlylowercomparedtoBEV.However,well-to-wheelefficiencysuffersfrom47% to63%energylossduringhydrogenproduction.Withrespecttoenergyefficiency,BEVsarefoundtorepresentthe onlyalternativetoICEV.This,however,isonlytrueiftheelectricityisprovidedbyveryefficientpowerplantsor betterbyrenewableenergyproduction.Literaturedataonenergyconsumptionandgreenhousegas(GHG) emissionbyICEVcomparedtoBEVsufferfroma25%underestimationofICEV-standardizeddrivingcyclenumbers inrelationtostreetconditionssofar.LiteraturedataavailableforBEV,ontheotherhand,weremostlymodeledand basedonrelativelyheavyBEVaswellasdrivingconditions,whichdonotrepresentthemostusefulfieldofBEV operation.LiteraturedatahavebeencomparedwithmeasurementsbasedontheconvertedSmart,revealinga distinctGHGemissionsadvantageduetotheGermanelectricitynetconditions,whichcanbeconsiderably extendedbychargingelect