part4-公共部门经济学第十章外部性解析.ppt

SM, China University of Mining Technology. Copyright?2010 Song Yan 科斯定理：一个例子 例3： Jane拥有平静与安宁的权利 Dick养Spot的利益 = $800Jane承受Spot狂吠的成本= $500 社会有效率的结果：Dick继续养Spot 私人结果：Dick支付给Jane $600，并继续养狗 私人结果 = 有效率的结果 无论最初的权利如何分配，私人市场最后能达到有效率的结果 SM, China University of Mining Technology. Copyright?2010 Song Yan 为什么私人解决方法并不总是有效 1. 交易成本： 各方在达成协议与遵守协议过程中所发生的成本，这些成本可能最终使双方达不成对双方都有利的结果 2. 固执： 即使协议对双方都是有利的，双方也可能不会达成协议，而是等待一个对自己更好的交易 3. 协调问题：当利益各方人数众多时，协调各方变得成本高昂，困难，甚至不可能 内容提要 当市场交易影响第三方的福利时，会产生外部性。如果一项活动产生了负外部性，例如污染，市场的社会最适量将小于均衡量。如果一项活动产生了正外部性，例如技术溢出效应，社会最适量将大于均衡量  SM, China University of Mining Technology. Copyright?2010 Song Yan 内容提要 有时，人们靠自己来解决外部性问题。科斯定理说，如果人们能够无成本地谈判，那么，私人市场总可以达成一个资源有效配置的协议。在实际情况中，在许多利益各方间达成协议是高成本或者困难的，科斯定理并不适用 SM, China University of Mining Technology. Copyright?2010 Song Yan 内容提要 政府用各种政策来解决外部性问题。政府可以通过矫正税来使外部性内部化，也可以通过可交易的污染许可证市场。这些政策能够比直接管制以更低的社会成本来保护环境 SM, China University of Mining Technology. Copyright?2010 Song Yan This chapter is slightly below average in length, and, for most students, in difficulty. For variety, this PowerPoint presentation uses different examples from the textbook in its analysis of externalities. * For many students, the concepts are easier to learn in the context of a specific example with numerical values. Note that maximizing consumer + producer surplus is NOT the same as maximizing TOTAL surplus when the trades impose external costs (or benefits) on bystanders. * “At any Q 20, value of additional gas exceeds social cost.” For example, at Q = 10, the value to buyers of an additional gallon equals $4, while the social cost is only $2. Therefore, total surplus (society’s well-being) would increase with a larger quantity of gas. “At any Q 20, social cost of the last gallon is greater than its value.” For example, at Q = 25 - the market equilibrium - the last gallon cost $3.50 (including the external cost) but the value of it to buyers was only $2.50. Hence, total surplus would be higher if Q were lower.