上海交通大学计算流体力学课件10.pdfVIP

Turbulence Models and Their Application to Complex Flows Characteristics of turbulent flow • Irregularity (Random and chaotic nature of flow) • Increased exchange of momentum (Diffusivity - spreading rate of jets, boundary layers etc.) • Large Reynolds numbers • Dissipation of kinetic energy to internal energy • Wide range of time and length scales • Almost all practical flows are turbulent. Scales of turbulence • Turbulent flows are characterized by a wide range of length scales • Think of turbulent flow as a collection of eddies of different sizes • Eddies  time/length/velocity scales • The largest “energy containing” eddies are of the order of the length scale of the object that generated turbulence in the first place (vortex shedding from a cylinder, boundary layer thickness) • The smallest eddies are the ones where the energy is dissipated • Roughly speaking, there is a “cascade” of energy from the large scale to the smallest scales  This happens because the large eddies interact with each other and breakdown into smaller eddies • The smallest scales are called the “kolmogorov” scales (η). At these scales, the Reynolds number of the eddies is small enough that viscous effects become dominant and the energy is dissipated. Turbulent structures in the wake of a circular cylinder Turbulent structures in a boundary layer Growth of turbulent spots in a flat plate boundary layer RANS and LES • DNS is obviously not feasible for high Reynolds number flows, therefore, LES and RANS to the rescue • LES: Simulate (resolve) the large scales of turbulence and model the effect of the smaller scales (smaller scales are universal) by adding a subgrid viscosity • RANS: Model all scales of turbulence • Problems: LES still impractical for many flows, RANS is inaccurate in many flows • But: One can get very useful and sometimes accurate, affordab