混凝土结构设计1.doc

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION(绪论) Basic Concepts and Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete (钢筋混凝土的基本概念及特点) 1. Concrete (混凝土) (1) Plain concrete is formed from hardened mixture of cement, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel), air, and often other admixtures(外加剂). (2) Concrete has high compressive strength and low resistance to tension. Its tensile strength is approximately one-tenth of its compressive strength. 2. Reinforced Concrete (钢筋混凝土) Consequently, tensile reinforcement in the tension zone has to be provided to supplement the tensile strength of the reinforced concrete section. (1)A plain concrete beam under a uniformly distributed load ●When the distributed load increases and reaches a value =1.37kN/m, the tensile region at the mid-span will be cracked and the beam will fail suddenly. (2)A reinforced concrete beam of the same size but has two steel reinforcing bars (216) embedded at the bottom under a uniformly distributed load ●The reinforcing bars take up the tension there after the concrete is cracked. ●When the load is increased, the width of the cracks, the deflection and the stress of steel bars will increase. ●When the steel approaches the yielding stress the deflection and the crack width are so large offering some warning that the beam is going to fail. The failure of the beam is characterized by the crushing of the concrete in the compression zone. ●The failure load =9.31kN/m, is approximately 6.8 times that for the plain concrete beam. * Some kinds of concrete Plain concrete (素混凝土)； Reinforced concrete (钢筋混凝土)； Pre-stressing concrete (预应力混凝土)； Fiber reinforced concrete (纤维混凝土)。 3. The reasons that the concrete and reinforcement can work together (钢筋和混凝土能够共同工作的原因) (1)There is a sufficiently strong bond between the two materials;(钢筋和混凝土之间存在很强的粘结力) (2)The thermal expansion coefficients of the two materials are approximately equal (1.2 K-1 for steel and 1.0-1.5K-1 for concrete).(钢筋和混凝土温度线膨胀系数接近) 4. The features of