考研精要语法点集锦1.ppt

代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律： 1．邻近和靠近原则 由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but (also)连接先行词时候，如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致，就用其相应的一直的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。 Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her. Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink.  2．当each, everyone, everybody, no one ,none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代词作主语时候，其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则，采取单数形式。如： Everybody talked at the top of his voice. None of the boys can do it , can he? Everything is ready, isn’t it”  3．当主语为复数形式，后跟each作同位语时，如果each位于动词之前，其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式；如果 each位于动词之后，其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如： They each have two coats. we are each responsible for his own family.  4．由and连接两个先行词，代词用复数 如：The tourist and businessman lost their luggage in the accident. 倒装结构  倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列，而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手段，目的是为了强调。倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装，考试多为部分倒装。考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装,并对倒装后的句子能够认出来，避免做题时候的盲目和迷茫。 一． 用全部倒装的情况 全部倒装一般是存在以下列副词开头的句子中，全部倒装的方法是把句子的主谓语序颠倒过来，把谓语移到主语前面 1）出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out, down, in ,up, away, on。如：  Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him. Up went the plane  2)出于习惯用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如： Now is your turn. There goes the bell. Here is a ticket for you. There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work. 注意：here，there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词，如果是人称代词则不需要倒装 “ where is the cup？” “Here it is！” Here you are. There he comes.  3)有时主语较长，为了使句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，主谓要全部倒装。这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。如： Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life. In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness. 二． 采用部分倒装情况 部分倒装一般是把句子谓语的一部分（主要是助动词或系动词）放到句子主语前，构成部分倒装，而全部倒装则把句子的谓语（包括实义动词）都放在主语前。 1．下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装，： never, no, neither, no