统计物理 课件 刘泉林 LEC09.pptVIP

电子的热容量 (定量计算) 估算： 定量计算 ： （不要求过程） 电子比热容Electronic specific heat capacity U = (3NkBT/2) CV = dU/dT= 3/2 NkB. But the observed electronic contribution at room temperature is usually less than 0.01 of this value If electrons are free to carry current why are they not free to absorb heat energy? 电子比热Electronic Specific heat n(E)dE 解决了经典统计理论中的与实验不符的问题 Metal gcalc. (JK-1 mol-1) gexpt(JK-1mol-1) Cu 5 ? 10-7 7 ? 10-7 Pb 1.5 ? 10-6 3 ? 10-6 C = ?T + ?T3 Cel = ? ?2NkBTF-1 T 比热 Specific heat 低温下金属的定容热容：电子的热容量和离子振动的热容量之和 散射 Scattering ? = J/E = ne2?0/m0 Electrons are not scattered by the periodic potential of a perfect lattice 金属的导电性 v4 v3 v2 v1 Collision Electron-electron collisions only redistribute momentum 散射 Scattering 弹性和非弹性散射Elastic Inelastic Collisions Scattering of electrons is due to defects, and impurities. vi Before vf u After me me M M 与声子碰撞Collisions with phonon Scattering of electrons is due to phonons (lattice vibrations). Electron-phonon scattering involves an electron absorbing or emitting a phonon which has energy ~ kBT ~25meV (300K). Typically EF~ 10eV. So for an electron at the Fermi surface the fractional change in energy is only ~ 2.5x10-3 Quasi-elastic (a) (b) 仅在费米面发生散射Scattering only at the Fermi surface Therefore only electrons with energy close to EF can be scattered The mean free path for these electrons is L = vF tp 散射 Scattering a perfect lattice does not scatter mobile electrons Defects, impurities and phonons causes scattering of electrons. Electron-electron collisions do not attenuate an electric current. Experimentally find r = r0 + rL (T) ( Matthiessen’s rule) r0 - defects and impurities rL (T) – phonons rL (T) increases as T at high T (TTDebye ) and as T5 at low T. 实验电阻值Experimental electrical resistivity 自由电子费米气模型Success of free electron Fermi gas model In a theory which has given results like these, there must certainly be a great deal of truth.