真核生物的基因调控Gene Regulationin Eukaryotes.pptVIP

* * * Regulatory sequence outside, and often far away from, the promoter region (either upstream or downstream) that binds transcription factors (activators) to enhance recruitment of RNAP Enhancer can increase gene expression by 100~1000 folds. Firstly discovered in SV40, located upstream of the promoter, with an usual length of 70~200bp, in which an 8-12bp sequence forming a core. (used to be named upstream activating sequence) Enhancers Enhancers Features: Specifically binds to a transcription factor (activator) Functional over distance (远距作用): effective away from start point 0.2-5Kb, even 10 Kb, either upstream or downstream Functional in either direction  (无方向性) Includes multiple repeats Has tissue or cell specificity, might be inducible i.e. depending on its binding trans-factors How does an enhancer work distantly? DNA looping; multiple enhancers work synergically (协同) Human interferon (干扰素) enhancesome (增强体) binding sites for a special group of transcription factors (more specifically, hormone receptor), which are inducible in response to regulatory signals of hormones e.g. Estrogen Response Element (ERE)  雌激素应答元件 Progesterone Response Element (PRE) 黄体酮应答元件 Glucocorticoid Response Element (GRE)  糖皮质激素应答元件 GRE GR ??GRE (5AGAACAnnnTGTTCT 3) TF (activated by binding of hormone; transfer from cytosol to nucleus; Zinc-finger domain recognizing the GRE) Control regions of DNA that, like enhancers, may be located thousands of base pairs away from the gene they control. However, when a regulatory factor(repressor) bind to them, expression of the corresponding gene(s) is repressed by changing chromatin structure. First example was discovered in yeast. Relevant with transcriptional gene silencing! silencer A DNA sequence that shields promoters from the action of unrelated enhancers (or silencers) and prevents the spread of heterochromatin region.   also called boundary element