陆地科学导论名词说明.docVIP

海洋科学导论名词解释 Lithosphere 岩石圈：软流圈以上的刚性固体物质层，包括地壳和上地幔顶部的刚性岩层，地壳与地幔的M面夹在岩石圈内部。 2．Mid-ocean ridge and rise systems 洋中脊及隆起系统：贯穿洋盆的一系列海底山脉，延伸可达65000km，比临近的隆起高2-3km，一般宽1000-3000km。若这些山脉陡峭狭窄则称为洋中脊，若平缓且宽则为隆起。洋中脊有中央裂，而隆起则没有中央裂谷而是延中央抬升。延洋中脊及隆起轴向有宽约2km的狭窄火山带。洋中脊是离散型板块边界，板块相互远离形成新的地壳。 3．Ocean trenches 海沟：海底狭窄陡峭的深沟。深6000-11000km，主要分布在太平洋，一些海沟在火山岛链附近，一些则分布在中美及南美边缘。海沟是汇聚型板块边界，相向运动形成消减带消灭旧地壳。 4．Transform fault(转换断层) Fault with horizontal displacement connecting the ends of an offset in a mid-ocean ridge. Some plates slide past each other along a transform fault. The opposite sides of a transform fault are two different plates that are moving in opposite directions. 5.Divergent plate boundaries(离散板块边界): plate boundaries diverge or move apart at the mid-ocean ridge where new lithosphere is formed. Convergent plate boundaries(汇聚板块边界): At the trenches, plate converge, or move toward each other, destroying old lithosphere at subduction zones. 6. Hot Spots（热点） Scattered around the Earth are approximately forty fixed areas of isolated volcanic activity. Hot Spots periodically channel hot material to the surface from deep within the mantle, and may form a volcanic peak, or seamount, directly above, or may produce a broad swelling of the ocean floor or the continent. Hot spots may also resupply the asthenosphere, which is constantly cooling and becoming attached to the base of the lithosphere, thickening the plates. 7.Rift valley Trough formed by faulting along a zone in which plates move apart and new crust is created, such as along the crest of a ridge system. 8.Rift zone A region where the lithosphere splits and separates allowing new crustal material to intrude into the crack or rift. 9. polar wandering curve A plot of the apparent location of the Earth’s north magnetic pole as a function of geologic time. 10.Turbidity current Moving flows of sediment and water. Travel at speeds up to 90km per hour and carry in suspension up to 300kg of sediment per cubic meter Fast-moving avalanches of