学术英语writing introduction课件.ppt

ABSTRACT When thin brittle rods such as dry spaghetti pasta are bent beyond their limit curvature, they often break into more than two pieces, typically three or four. With the aim of understanding these multiple breakings, we study the dynamics of a bent rod that is sud-denly released at one end. Introduction  INTRODUCTION The physical process of fragmentation is relevant to several areas of science and technology. Because different physical phenomena are at work during the fragmentation of a solid body, it has mainly been studied from a statistical viewpoint [1–5]. The Abstract immediately tells the readers the specific topic of the paper and then what the author’s goal is (corresponding to Points 2, 3 and 7 in the structure of an Introduction given in Sects. 13.2 and 13.3). Instead, the Introduction sets the con-text in very general terms (Point 2). The abstract then continues as follows. ABSTRACT We find that the sudden relaxation of the curvature at this end leads to a burst of flexural waves, whose dynamics are described by a self-similar solution with no adjustable parameters. These flexural waves locally increase the curvature in the rod, and we argue that this counterintuitive mechanism is responsible for the fragmentation of brittle rods under bending. As you can see, the Abstract gives no further background information, but highlights what the authors found in their research. An absolute minimum num-ber of words have been used. This gives the Abstract substantial impact by tell-ing readers only what they need to know to enable them to decide whether to read the whole paper. As is standard for Abstracts, no references to the literature are made. On the other hand about 50% of the rest of the Introduction is dedicated to helping the readers see that the general trend given in the first two sentences is being countered by another line of research. In this case, references to the literature are made. Readers are alerted to the alternative trend by the