信号转导系统(国外英文资料).docVIP

信号转导系统(国外英文资料) Signal transduction Organisms are highly reactive to changes in the environment, including external and internal. Tends to the movement of nutrients such as bacteria, visual cells light feeling, hunger hormone signals when the fuel molecules (feul molecules) such as sugar, fat, protein, such as internal energy released, such as growth factor on differentiation are typical examples. Cell feelings and responses to external stimuli by signal transduction system (signal transduction system) of mediated. The system consists of receptors, enzymes, channels, and regulatory proteins. Through signal transduction systems, cells can feel, amplify and integrate various external signals. The first episode of cellular signals The identification of a cellular signaling molecule In the cells of higher organisms, interactions between cells are implemented through the signal molecules, signaling molecules, including proteins, peptides, amino acids, nucleotides, steroid, fatty acid derivatives, and some soluble in water of gas molecules, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, etc. Most of these signaling molecules by signal cells (signaling cells) secreted, some of them are released by diffusion through the cell membrane, some are closely integrated and cell membrane, need through the cell can affect the cell and the signal in the contact of other cells. The role of the signaling molecule in the target cell is through a specific type of protein, the receptor, which is physically able to identify the signaling molecules. Most is a transmembrane protein receptors on target cell (transmembrane proteins), when the receptor proteins and extracellular signaling molecules (also known as ligand ligand) was activated after the combination, thus in the target cell signal transduction system of cascade (cascade). Some receptors in cells, signal molecule has to enter cells to and receptor, and make the receptor activation, these signaling molecules are small molecular weight and