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Chapter 12 The other sort of cloning Organismal cloning is to generate an organism from a cell that carries a complete set of genetic instruction 体细胞克隆技术，又称核移植或无性繁殖技术。 12.1 Early thoughts and experiments In 1938, Spemann published his book “Embryonic Development and Induction” and proposed the technique of “nuclear transfer”, he was the father of modern embryology Nuclear totipotency: the embryo cells retain the capacity to form all cell types Pluripotent or multipotent: a cell that can direct a more limited number of cell types Irreversibly differentiated: a cell that is not capable of directing development under appropriate conditions 12.2 Two methods for animal cloning A. Embryo splitting Cells from an early embryo (shown here as a four-cell embryo) are separated and allowed to continue development, each cell directs the process of development to produce a new individual. The four organisms are genetically identical clones。 B. Nuclear transfer A nucleus from a somatic cell (from an embryo or an adult) is transplanted into an enucleated egg cell. If development can be sustained, a clone develops； Note that the clone is not absolutely identical to its ‘parent’. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the cytoplasm, and will therefore have been derived from the egg cell. This is known as a maternal inheritance pattern。 Embryo splitting and nuclear transfer 12.3 Cloning of carrots Somatic cells can be removed and grown in culture. Under appropriate conditions the cells begin to divide, then develop into somatic embryos known as embryoids（胚状体）. These can be transferred to a solid growth medium for plantlet(苗) development. The final stage is regeneration of the complete organism。 Cloning of carrots 12.4 Amphibian Cloning Egg cells are pricked with a fine glass needle, which activates the egg and causes the chromosomes to move outside the cytoplasm Donor cell nuclei are removed from early embryos or tadpoles(蝌蚪) The donor nucleus is injected into the enuc