2016ICM带翻译E环境科学.docxVIP

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2017-05-31 发布于北京
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2016ICM带翻译E环境科学.docx

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2016 ICM ProblemEArewe heading towards athirsty planet?Willtheworldrun outofclean water?Accordingto the United Nations, 1.6billion people (one quarterofthe worlds population)experience waterscarcity.Waterusehasbeen growingat twice therate ofpopulationoverthe lastcentury.Humans requirewaterresourcesforindustrial, agricultural, andresidentialpurposes.There are twoprimarycausesforwaterscarcity:physical scarcityand economic scarcity.Physicalscarcityis wherethereisinadequate water ina region to meetdemand.Economic scarcityis where waterexistsbutpoormanagementand lackof infrastructurelimitsthe availabilityofclean water.Manyscientistsseethiswaterscarcity problembecomingexacerbated withclimate change and populationincrease.Thefact thatwateruseis increasingattwice the rate ofpopulation suggests thatthere isanothercauseofscarcity– is itincreasingratesofpersonalconsumption,orincreasingratesofindustrialconsumption, orincreasingpollution which depletes the supplyoffreshwater, orwhat?**Is itpossible toprovidecleanfreshwaterto all? The supplyofwatermust take intoaccountthe physicalavailabilityofwater(e.g., naturalwatersource, technologicaladvances such as desalination plants orrainwaterharvestingtechniques).Understandingwateravailabilityis an inherentlyinterdisciplinaryproblem.One mustnotonlyunderstandthe environmentalconstraints on watersupply, butalso howsocialfactors influenceavailabilityanddistributionofcleanwater. For example, lackofadequatesanitation can causea decreasein waterquality.Human population increase also placesincreased burden onthewatersupply within aregion.When analyzingissues ofwaterscarcity, thefollowingtypesofquestions mustbeconsidered.Howhave humans historicallyexacerbated oralleviated waterscarcity?Whatare the geological,topographical,and ecologicalreasonsforwaterscarcity, andhowcan weaccuratelypredictfuture wateravailability? Whatisthepotentialforneworalternatesources ofwater(forexample, desalinization plants, waterharvestingtechniquesorundiscovered aquife