化工四大化学(专业)管道计算(课堂讲义).pptVIP

* k and is called the roughness parameter粗糙度 . k/D is defined as relative roughness相对粗糙度. * Smooth pipe光滑管 Rough pipe粗糙管 hydraulically smooth pipe: hydraulically rough pipe: Drawn copper and brass pipe Old, foul, and corroded pipe * Fig. 5.10 give the roughness parameter of several material of new pipe. (p112) * The effect of roughness on the friction factor Roughness has no appreciable effect on the friction factor for laminar flow unless k is too large. * From dimensional analysis. f is a function of both Re and the relative roughness k/D * 7. The friction factor chart From dimensional analysis f is a function of both Re and the relative roughness k/D Friction factor chart is a log-log plot of f versus Re. * * 二、管内湍流的摩擦系数 * * * Laminar flow Buffer Turbulence Complete turbulence （完全湍流区,阻力平方区） * Laminar flow * Turbulent flow: for hydraulically smooth pipe Coburn equation Blasius equation This applies over Re from about 50,000 to 1 x 106. Applicable over Re from 3,000 to 3 x 106 * Complete turbulent flow: Turbulent flow: for rough pipe * ☆ 8. Reynolds numbers and friction factor for non-newtonian fluids for pseudoplastic fluids and laminar flow (5.56) * * Average velocity (5.18) * (5.19) The average velocity is precisely one-half the maximum velocity. * Kinetic energy correction factor Momentum correction factor * 2. Hagen-Poiseuille equation to eliminate (5.7) Using In Eq. 5.7 * (5.20) ------ Hagen-Poiseuille equation Compare with (5.22) Therefore In laminar flow, friction factor is only influenced by Re. * ☆ 3. Laminar flow of non-newtonian liquids * 4. Laminar flow in an annulus Velocity distribution for the laminar flow of a newtonian fluid through an annular space where = radius of outer wall of annulus = ratio = radius of inner wall of annulus (5.28) * For annular flow the Reynolds number is (5.29) (5.30) * * 5.3 TURBULENT FLOW IN PIPES AND CHANNELS 1. Velocity distribution for turbulent flo