思维、意识、语言.ppt

Iconicity 3 Haiman (1980) elaborates on Pierce’s（1932） distinction between two types of iconicity: (i) imagic: “a single sign that resembles its referent with respect to some (not necessarily visual) characteristics”, e.g., pictograms. (ii) diagrammatic: “a systematic arrangement of signs, none of which necessarily resembles its referent, but whose relationships to each other mirror the relationships of their referents”, e.g., campus map. Onomatopoeia (sound imitation 像聲詞) is a ready example of iconic language. 汉语语法中的像似性规则 James Tai 戴浩一: A syntactic construction is thus iconically motivated if it bears a diagrammatical resemblance to the structure of the physical world or to the human being’s conceptual world. 五种像似性规则 （一）语序 Order motivation: “the order of linguistic expressions corresponds to their order in the conceptual world”. (1a) 他 坐 公車 到 這兒. (1b) 他 到 這兒 坐 公車. →时间顺序 Order Motivation 2 (1c) 在 廚房 裏 的 桌子 的 上邊 的 at kitchen in MK table MK top MK 箱子 裏 有 錢. box in have money →空间顺序 （二） 距离 Distance motivation: “the linguistic distance between expressions corresponds to the conceptual distance between them”. (2a) 黃 的 豆. yellow MK bean (2b) 黃 豆. yellow bean 我的女朋友 VS 我女朋友 Distance Motivation 3 (2c) 我 喜歡 你的妹妹. (2d) 我 喜歡 你妹妹. (2e) 我 喜歡 你的車子. (2f) *我 喜歡 你車子. (Why？) (三) 隔离 Separateness motivation: “the linguistic separateness of an expression corresponds to the conceptual independence of the object or event which it represents”. (3a) 我 在 看 書. I at read book (3b) 我 在 看 一 本 書. I at read one CL book Separateness Motivation 2 The use of the classifier is interesting： Classifiers allow for individuation and enumeration. It is thus not arbitrary that in Chinese one cannot count objects in the real world without a classifier. Collocation between classifiers and nouns also seems not to be arbitrary as well. (四