xxx_20080830109_第七次作业.doc

6-18. Both UDP and TCP use port numbers to identify the destination entity when delivering a message. Give two reasons for why these protocols invented a new abstract ID (port numbers), instead of using process IDs, which already existed when these protocols were designed. Answer：Here are three reasons. First, process IDs are OS-specific. Using process Ids would have made these protocols OS-dependent. Second, a single process may establish multiple channels of communications. A single process ID (per process) as the destination identifier cannot be used to distinguish between these channels. Third, having processes listen on well-known ports is easy, but well-known process IDs are impossible. 6-25. The maximum payload of a TCP segment is 65,495 bytes. Why was such a strange number chosen? 答：整个TCP 报文段必须适配IP 分组65,515字节的载荷段。因为TCP 头最少20 个字节，所以仅剩下65,495字节用于TCP 数据。 6-28. Consider the effect of using slow start on a line with a 10-msec round-trip time and no congestion. The receive window is 24 KB and the maximum segment size is 2 KB. How long does it take before the first full window can be sent? 答：按照慢启动算法，经过10、20、30、40ms 后拥塞窗口大小分别为4、8、16、32，所以在40ms 后将按照min{24，32}=24KB 发送数据。 6-32.What is the fastest line speed at which a host can blast out 1500-byte TCP payloads with a 120-sec maximum packet lifetime without having the sequence numbers wrap around? Take TCP, IP, and Ethernet overhead into consideration. Assume that Ethernet frames may be sent continuously. Answer：The goal is to send 232 bytes in 120 sec or 35,791,394 payload bytes/sec. This is 23,860 1500-byte frames/sec. The TCP overhead is 20 bytes. The IP overhead is 20 bytes. The Ethernet overhead is 26 bytes. This means that for 1500 bytes of payload, 1566 bytes must be sent. If we are to send 23,860 frames of 1566 bytes every second, we need a line of 299 Mbps. With anything faster than this we run the risk of two different TCP segments having the same sequence number at the same time. 6-33. In a network that has a