托尔斯泰2015.ppt

列夫·托尔斯泰 1828 Born September 9, 1928 at Yasnaya Polyana 1830 Mother Dies 1837 Father Dies 1847Leaves the University of Kaza, without a degree in law, after three years 1851 Volunteers for military service in the Caucuses where he writes Childhood 1854 Becomes a commissioned officer 1856 Retires from the military and writes Two Hussars 1857 Visits Europe and writes Youth 1859 Begins a school at Yasnaya Polyana 1860 Studies Padagogy in Europe 1862 Marries Sophia Andreyevna Behrs 1863 Begins writing War and Peace 1869 Finishes War and Peace 1870 Tests his own Pedagogical ideas at Yasnaya Polyana 1873 Begins Anna Karenina 1877 Finishes Anna Karenina 1878 Converted to Christianity after resolving a great internal conflict, most scholars divide his life into pre and post conversion 1882 Helps with the Moscow census and writes Confession 1883 Writes What I Believe only to have it banned the next year 1885 Visits the Crimea and writes; Where Love is God is and How Much Land does a Man Need 1886 Finishes The Death of Ivan Ilycha and What then Should We Do 1889 Finishes The Kruetzer Sonnota 1891 Renounces copyrights and divides property among family members 1895 Son Ivan dies - writes Master and Man 1898 Writes What is Art and Father Sergius 1899 Finishes Resurrection 1901 Excommunicated from the Russian Church 1902 Returns to Yasnaya Polyana and finishes What is Religion 1903 Writes Three Questions 1904 Writes Bethink Yourselves in protest of the Russo-Japanese war 1905 Writes Alyosha the Pot 1906 Daughter Masha dies 1908 Writes I can Not be Silent 1909 Serious quarrels with his wife 1910 November 20, 1910 Passes away at a small train station in Astapovo 关于克里米亚战争的短篇小说集，一方面在对比中揭露贵族军官的道德低下，歌颂下级军官和普通士兵的英勇牺牲精神；另一方面继续致力于道德完善的探索和心理内涵的挖掘；更重要的是通过对战争生活的描写，为其日后创作《战争与和平》奠定了必要的基础。 主人公奥列宁厌倦了上流社会的生活，来到高加索山区。哥萨克纯朴、自由、勤劳的性格和大自然的美丽风光与污浊的上流社会形成了鲜明的对照，使他由然而向往他们的生活。在此他爱上了哥萨克姑娘玛丽安卡，并愿意放弃贵族的身份，与哥萨克在一起生活，然而贵族与山民之间的隔阂只