第2单元(第6).pptVIP

Modern Buildings and Structural Materials 现代建筑与结构材料 The horizontal forces must also equal each other so that there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left. And forces that might pull the structure around must be countered with forces that pull in the opposite direction. 水平力也必须彼此相等，才能不出现过多的向右或向左的推力。并且，那些可能推动构筑物转动的力必须由向反方向推动的力去抵销。 Paragraph 5 One of the most spectacular engineering failures of modern times, the collapse of the Tacoma narrows bridge in 1940, was the result of not considering the last of these factors carefully enough. 现代最引人注目的工程事故之一——1940年塔科马海峡大桥的倒塌，就是由于没有非常仔细地考虑这些因素中的最后一个因素。 Paragraph 6 Spectacular ：引人入胜的, 壮观的 Collapse：倒塌, 崩溃, 失败, 虚脱 When strong gusts of wind, up to sixty-five kilometers an hour, struck the bridge during a storm, they set up waves along the roadway of the bridge and also a lateral motion that caused the roadway to fall. 在一场暴风雨中，当每小时高达65公里的强劲狂风冲击这座桥时，狂风引起了沿着桥面方向的波动；同时还产生了一种使路面塌落的横向运动。 Paragraph 6 Lateral ：横(向)的, 侧面的 Roadway：车行道, 路面, (铁道的)路线 1940年 11月7日上午11：0 刚开通几个月的塔科玛大桥（悬索桥）由于风致振动而倒塌！！！ 1 中跨扭转 2 扭转的严重程度： 右侧人行道比左侧高8.5m 3 该开始破坏时， 有一块混凝土桥面掉入水中 4 第一轮破坏后的样子 5 中跨破坏后，边跨的松弛、下垂现象 6 桥刚倒塌后的照片 Fortunately, engineers learn from mistakes, so it is now common practice to test scale models of bridges in wind tunnels for aerodynamic resistance. Paragraph 6 Wind tunnels ： 风洞试验 Aerodynamic resistance ：空气动力学抵抗力 幸亏工程师们从错误中汲取了教训，所以现在的通常做法是将按比例缩小的桥梁模型放在风洞中检验它们的空气动力学抵抗力。 The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tar-like substance or some other binding agent. 早期的主要建筑材料是木材和砖，石、瓦，以及类似材料。 材料行或层之间，用灰浆或沥青(一种象焦油的物质)，或者别的粘结剂粘结在一起。 Paragraph 7 Wood：木材 Masonry：圬工，砌筑 Tile：瓦 mortar：砂（灰）浆 Bitumen：沥青 Tar：焦油, 柏油 Binding agent：粘合剂，接合剂 The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or clamps to strengthen their buildings. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens, for example, have holes drilled in them fo