国际商务英语考前辅导.ppt

* * * * * * L13 Major Documents Required in World Trade Bill of lading Three functions: a cargo receipt A contract of carriage the ownership to the goods L14 International Transportation Five modes of transportation Water Rail Truck Air Pipeline Three types of carrier ownership Common carrier 公共承运人 Contract carrier 契约承运人 Private carrier 自有承运人 L14 International Transportation Four factors that are greatly changing the transportation industry Transportation deregulation Just-in-time inventory system Competition for better customer service Globalization of business Question Private carriers are becoming more and more popular among companies. Why? Lesson 15-16 Insurance The insured The insurer underwriter Fund Common pool premium compensation claim Principles for cargo insurance L17 The Intel. Monetary System and Exchange Rate Development of Intel. Monetary System Pre-WWI period Gold standard system Sterling-based Fixed exchange rate Each country peg the currency to gold and promise to change their paper currencies into gold when requested by a foreign central bank  The Bretton Woods Era: 1945–1971 Bretton Woods System – New gold standard system; Dollar-based; New fixed exchange rate system – adjustable peg; Each country still pegs the currency to gold, but only USA pledged to change the paper currency into gold when requested by a foreign central bank; and The Bretton Woods System Collapsed in 1971 The post Bretton Woods system: 1971 – present New international monetary system Flexible exchange rate system Hard currencies float in a foreign exchange market. Soft currencies follow a fixed exchange rate by pegging to a hard currency. Factors influencing the exchange rate International balance of trade Inflation Interest rate Measures taken by central bank to intervene the exchange rate Selling out of or buying into Foreign exchange reserve Raising or lowering the discount rate Resorting to foreign exchange control or foreign loan Advantages and disadvantage