Introduction-Historical Perspective 1 - 上海大学自助建 .ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 现代计算机组成 现代计算机是一种包括机器硬件、指令系统、系统软件、应用程序和用户接口的集成系统。各种求解方法可能需要不同的计算资源，这与求解问题的性质有关。 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Technology Trends-7 These rapidly changing technologies impact the design of a microprocessor that may, with speed and technology enhancements, have a lifetime of five or more years. Even within the span of a single product cycle for a computing system (two years of design and two to three years of production), key technologies, such as DRAM, change sufficiently that the designer must plan for these changes. Indeed, designers often design for the next technology, knowing that when a product begins shipping in volume that next technology may be the most costeffective or may have performance advantages. Traditionally, cost has decreased at about the rate at which density increases. * * Technology Trends-8 Although technology improves fairly continuously, the impact of these improvements is sometimes seen in discrete leaps, as a threshold that allows a new capability is reached. . * * Technology Trends-9 For example, when MOS technology reached the point where it could put between 25,000 and 50,000 transistors on a single chip in the early 1980s, it became possible to build a 32-bit microprocessor on a single chip. By the late 1980s, first-level caches could go on chip. By eliminating chip crossings within the processor and between the processor and the cache, a dramatic increase in cost-performance and performance/power was possible. This design was simply infeasible until the technology reached a certain point. Such technology thresholds are not rare and have a significant impact on a wide variety of design decisions. * * Cost, Price, and Their Trends-1 Although there are computer designs where costs tend to be less important—specifically supercomputers—cost-sensitive designs are of growing significance: More than half the PCs sold in 1999 were priced at less th