CH2-1空间信息基础.ppt

第二章 空间数据结构 主要内容 §2.1 空间信息基础 一、地球模型 一、地球模型 一、地球模型—椭球体 Spheroids and spheres The shape and size of a geographic coordinate systems surface is defined by a sphere or spheroid. Although the earth is best represented by a spheroid, the earth is sometimes treated as a sphere to make mathematical calculations easier. The assumption that the earth is a sphere is possible for small-scale maps (smaller than 1:5,000,000). At this scale, the difference between a sphere and a spheroid is not detectable on a map. However, to maintain accuracy for larger-scale maps (scales of 1:1,000,000 or larger), a spheroid is necessary to represent the shape of the earth. Between those scales, choosing to use a sphere or spheroid will depend on the maps purpose and the accuracy of the data. 一、地球模型—椭球体 Spheroids and spheres A sphere is based on a circle, while a spheroid (or ellipsoid) is based on an ellipse. The shape of an ellipse is defined by two radii. The longer radius is called the semimajor axis, and the shorter radius is called the semiminor axis. Rotating the ellipse around the semiminor axis creates a spheroid. A spheroid is also known as an oblate ellipsoid of revolution. The following graphic shows the semimajor and semiminor axes of a spheroid. 各种地球椭球体模型 一、地球模型—基准面 Datum a datum defines the position of the spheroid relative to the center of the earth. A datum provides a frame of reference for measuring locations on the surface of the earth. It defines the origin and orientation of latitude and longitude lines. datam 一、地球模型—高程系统 Elevation referencing 二、地理参考与坐标系—地理参考 二、地理参考与坐标系—坐标系 地理坐标系(geographic coordinate systems ) A geographic coordinate system (GCS) uses a three-dimensional spherical surface to define locations on the earth. A GCS is often incorrectly called a datum, but a datum is only one part of a GCS. A GCS includes an angular unit of measure, a prime meridian, and a datum (based on a spheroid). 投影坐标系projected coordinate systems 三、