英语国家概况_英国议会和政府(汇总)课件.ppt

英国议会 英国议会渊源于古代的贤人会议,后来发展为大会议, 1688年“光荣革命”后，议会逐步获得至尊无上的地位; 议会代表了英国民主政治的传统,成为反对专制的坚强堡垒,英国议会的产生为人类民主社会作出了贡献.人们把英国议会称为“议会之母”。 英国议会 被称为“议会之母”的缘由: ①议会是现代资本主义政体中最重要的组成部分之一，也是资本主义民主制度的主要体现。 ②英国是世界上第一个建立议会制的国家。 ③美、法等国都效妨英国建立起各具特色的议会制。 British Parliament The United Kingdom is a unitary , not a federal state (中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家 ). Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons (议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成). British Parliament The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws (通过立法 ); (2) to provide, by voting for, taxation (投票 批准税 ); (3) to examine government Policy and administrations (检查政府政策和行政管理 ); (4) to debate the major issues of the day (当天的议题辩论 ).  British Parliament The House of Lords The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual (神职议员), who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal (世俗议员), those who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers （hereditary peers世袭贵族）or （life peers终身贵族）have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.  British Parliament Life peers--终身贵族 appointed by the sovereign at the suggestion of the Prime Minister ( a practice began in 1958) 注：终身爵士。1958年英国议会通过了终身贵族爵位法，对那些为英国社会作出杰出贡献的人---英国一些著名的政治家和高官，如首相、总督、高级大臣等，从现职退下来后，王室授封他们为终身贵族。他们以其丰富的从政经验进入上院继续参政议政，但其爵位不能传后代。 British Parliament The House of Commons The House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where representatives (Members of Parliament) are elected to make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent interests of the people who vote for them.  British Parliament Britain is divided into constituencies (选区). Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. The party which holds a majority of those “seats” in parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister. After a government has been in power for 5 years