语言学第二章chapter2.ppt

Chapter 2 Phonetics and Phonology 1. Introduction2. Phonetics3. Phonology4. Discussion questions5. Assignments 1. Introduction (p. 25) Ding-Dong Theory Sing-Song Theory Pooh-Pooh Theory Yo-He-Ho Theory …… 在《圣经》中有这样一个故事。很久以前，地球上的人只讲一种语言，他们沟通没有障碍，彼此之间没有隔阂。他们集体决定要修建一座通天塔，从地面直通天堂。工程进展得十分顺利，通天塔越建越高，高耸入云。上帝在天上看到了，他为人类的强大和统一感到惊恐，人都能够把塔建到天上，他们还有什么做不到的呢？于是上帝来到人间，变乱了人们的语言。人们各自操起不同的语言，感情无法交流，思想很难统一，出现互相猜疑，各执己见，争吵斗殴。这就是人类之间误解的开始，修造工程因语言纷争而停止了，通天塔终于半途而废。人们分裂了，按照不同的语言形成许多部族，又分散到世界各地。 2. Phonetics (p. 25) ----A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription。 言语的产生，言语的声音，语音的描写和分类，词语和话语连接。 2.1 Three branches of phonetics (p. 26) 1．Articulatory Phonetics 发音语音学 Phonetics： 2．Acoustic Phonetics 声学语音学 3．Auditory Phonetics 听觉语音学 Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds” Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived” Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. Language Number of speakers 1. Chinese/Mandarin 1,300,000,000 2. English 322,000,000 3. Spanish 266,000,000 4. Bengali(孟加拉语) 189,000,000 5. Hindi(印度语) 182,000,000 6. Portuguese(葡萄牙语) 170,000,000 6. Russian 170,000,000 8. Arabic (all forms) 161,000,000 9. Japanese 125,000,000 10. German 98,000,000 2.2 Three Articulators/Speech organs (p. 26-29) lips teeth teeth ridge (alveolar) hard palate soft palate (velum) uvula tip of tongue blade of tongue back of tongue vocal cords pharyngeal cavity nasal cavity A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription (orthographic representation of sounds