《中级微观经济学》PR8e_ch08ly.pptVIP

* of 35 Copyright ? 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ? Microeconomics ? Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. Copyright ? 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ? Microeconomics ? Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. * of 35 8.1 Perfectly Competitive Markets 8.2 Profit maximization 8.3 Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Profit Maximization 8.4 Choosing Output in the Short Run 8.5 The Competitive Firm’s Short-Run Supply Curve 8.6 The Short-Run Market Supply Curve 8.7 Choosing Output in the Long-Run 8.8 The Industry’s Long-Run Supply Curve C H A P T E R 8 Prepared by: Fernando Quijano, Illustrator Profit Maximizationand Competitive Supply 利润最大化和竞争性供给 CHAPTER OUTLINE 8.1 完全竞争市场 8.2 利润最大化 8.3 边际收益、边际成本和利润最大化 8.4 选择短期产量 8.5 竞争性厂商的短期供给曲线 8.6 短期市场供给曲线 8.7 长期产量选择 8.8 行业的长期供给曲线 Perfectly Competitive Markets完全竞争市场 8.1 因为每个厂商出售的产量占全部行业产量的比重足够小，以至于其决策对市场价格不产生影响。 PRODUCT HOMOGENEITY 产品同质 价格接受者 当所有厂商的产品互相之间是完全替代的---也就是说他们是完全同质时，任何一个厂商如果想将其产品的价格提高到市场价格之上必然会丧失其顾客。 FREE ENTRY AND EXIT 自由进入与退出 ● free entry (or exit) Condition under which there are no special costs that make it difficult for a firm to enter (or exit) an industry. When Is a Market Highly Competitive? 市场何时是高度竞争的 Many markets are highly competitive in the sense that firms face highly elastic demand curves and relatively easy entry and exit. But there is no simple rule of thumb to describe whether a market is close to being perfectly competitive. Because firms can implicitly or explicitly collude in setting prices, the presence of many firms is not sufficient for an industry to approximate perfect competition. Conversely, the presence of only a few firms in a market does not rule out competitive behavior. Profit Maximization 利润最大化 8.2 厂商使利润最大化吗? Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,and Profit Maximization 边际收益、边际成本和利润最大化 8.3 ● profit π(q) = R(q) ? C(q) Δπ/Δq = ΔR/Δq ? ΔC/Δq = 0 MR(q) = MC(q) FIGURE 8.1 Demand and Marginal Revenue for a Competitive Firm A competitive firm supplies only a small portion of the total output of all the firms