《中级微观经济学》PR8e_ch09ly.pptVIP

* of 33 Copyright ? 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ? Microeconomics ? Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. Copyright ? 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ? Microeconomics ? Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. * of 33 9.1 Evaluating the Gains and Losses from Government Policies—Consumer and Producer Surplus 9.2 The Efficiency of Competitive Markets 9.3 Minimum Prices 9.4 Price Supports and Production Quotas 9.5 Import Quotas and Tariffs 9.6 The Impact of a Tax or Subsidy C H A P T E R 9 Prepared by: Fernando Quijano, Illustrator 竞争性市场分析 The Analysis of Competitive Markets CHAPTER OUTLINE 9.1 政府政策的损益评价—消费者剩余和生产者剩余 9.2 竞争性市场的效率 9.3 最低价格 9.4 价格支持和生产配额 9.5 进口配额与关税 9.6 征税或补贴的影响 政府政策的损益评价—消费者剩余和生产者剩余 9.1 how consumer and producer surplus can be used to study the welfare effects of a government policy use consumer and producer surplus to demonstrate the efficiency of a competitive market. 消费者剩余和生产者剩余复习 Consumer A enjoys a benefit of $5. B enjoys a benefit of $2. C enjoys no benefit. （LY: D is not indiviudal demand， so the author is wrong, need to check the book) Consumer surplus= the total benefit to all consumers Together, consumer and producer surplus measure the welfare benefit of a competitive market. 消费者剩余和生产者剩余的应用 福利效益 welfare effects Gains and losses to consumers and producers. 无谓损失 deadweight loss Net loss of total surplus. price ceilling △CS= + A - B △PS = - A - C 无谓损失 = +B + C EFFECT OF PRICE CONTROLS WHEN DEMAND IS INELASTIC PmaxP0 A - B0 PRICE CONTROLS: min max PRICE support: govt purchase 竞争性市场的效率The Efficiency of a Competitive Market 9.2 ● 经济效率 economic efficiency Maximization of aggregate consumer and producer surplus. ● 市场失灵 market failure prices fail to provide proper signals to consumers and producers. There are two important instances : 外部性 Externalities: Action taken by either a producer or a consumer which affects other producers or consumers but is not accounted for by the market price. 信息不对称 Lack of Information Review of Consumer and P