英语国家概况Chapter2History.ppt

i) In Oceania and in North America, Colonies (Australia, New Zealand and Canada ) were brought under the direct control of the government (dominions of the English Crown and the 4th one the Union of South Africa ) successively. Notes: (for reference only) 1) English began to transport convicts(囚犯 ) to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more people to Australia. 2) New Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved self-government in 1857, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907 and was made completely independent in 1931. 3) Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. ii) In Asia 1) The conquest of India The British East India Company (/view/33842.htm#4) established in 1600. By 1819 the British conquest of most India was almost complete. 东印度公司的纹章 英国东印度公司旧址 After the muting of Bengal army (/view/821028.htm) in 1857, the control of India passed to the British Crown and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877. 1857年印度土兵起义后的废墟 德里保卫战 2) Aggression against China In East Asia, In 1840, the Opium War (/view/10777.htm) broke out between Britain and China. 道光皇帝 林则徐 关天培与英军在穿鼻洋进行海战 虎门广场上鸦片战争纪念墙与折烟枪标志 Since then, Britain gradually invaded many coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal treaties upon China. the Treaty of Nanking and HK ceded and five ports （What are they?）opened; special privileges were granted to colonists in China 南京条约 香港 Purposes: Henry’s reform was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. Steps: He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of England’s monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act of succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy (/view/492340.htm) of 1535 made his reform possible. He established the church of E