英国地方经济规划系统（PDF32）.pdfVIP

GY457 Applied Urban and Regional Economics UK Planning System Christine Whitehead Land Use Planning • Goes under many names: Planning, zoning, regulation… and takes many forms • Can be rationalised as policy to offset for market failures in land markets: • Provision of amenities (local public goods); • Reduction of negative externalities resulting from interdependence of land uses. • Land use planning – non-price allocation of land for urban uses • So (may) determine – at least influence - supply and reduce elasticity of supply (Barker Report, 2003) Land Use Planning • Impact - institutional context and form of planning critical; • US – zoning + rationing of house + lot bundles e.g. New England • So even if it increases house prices may reduce price of housing land • + minimum lot size, power to incorporate and leapfrogging, low density development; (Graves 2003) • now ‘growth boundaries’ or ‘smart growth’ esp. West Coast • UK – Development control, ‘containment’ + Green Belts: high density + leapfrogging • Continental Europe – Master Plan: but impact/usage varies - e.g France cf. Netherlands • Europe – EU OECD: ‘sustainable cities’; ‘densification’ UK Land-Use Planning System • 1947 Nationalisation of Development Rights – cross party acceptance until now • Set out framework but planning permission for individual sites required • Requires identification of land requirements by estimating housing requirements for both market and affordable housing • 1990s Introduction of S106 – capacity to require (through negotiation) developers to provide for local infrastructure and affordable housing • Local plan must identify the need for affordable housing and indicate mix between market and affordable (and possibly within affordable between social housing and intermediate market housing) • Local Plans bas