《遗传与变更》48句重点（国外英文资料）.doc

《遗传与进化》48句重点（国外英文资料） Chapter 1 the discovery of genetic causes Relative traits: different types of performance of the same species of organism. The genes that control the relative traits are called alleles. Character separation: in hybrid offspring, both dominant and recessive traits are present. Hypothesis-deductive method: observe the phenomenon, raise the problem, the analysis problem, put forward the hypothesis to the design experiment, the verification hypothesis, the analysis result, draw the conclusion. Test: F1 and recessive homozygotic hybridization. The essence of the law of separation is the separation of the homologous chromosomes in the later stages of meiosis, and the alleles are separated into two different gametes. 5. Freedom is the essence of the combination law: in the late meiosis of homologous chromosomes gene separation, not the free combination of alleles of homologous chromosomes. Phenotype refers to a trait that is expressed by an individual, and the gene associated with the phenotype is called a genotype. Chapter 2 the relationship between genes and chromosomes Meiosis is the division of cells in the number of chromosomes that occur when a living organism produces a mature germ cell. In meiosis, the chromosomes replicate only once, and the cells divide twice. The result of meiosis is that the number of chromosomes in mature reproductive cells is half that of the original cell. The halved number of chromosomes in meiosis occurs during the first division of meiosis. An egg cell is divided by meiosis, which only forms an egg cell (a genotype). A sperm cell divides by meiosis, forming four sperm (two genotypes). For sexual reproduction biology, meiosis and fertilization of somatic chromosome number for each biological offspring before constant, for the biological heredity and variation, is very important. Homologous chromosomes: pairs of chromosomes, the same shape and size, one from the parent and one from the mother. The phenomenon of homolog